Occupational safety and health difilosofikan as a thought and effort to ensure the integrity and perfection both corporal and spiritual labor in particular and people in general, and cultural work towards affluent and prosperous society. While understanding the science is a science and its application in an effort to prevent possible accidents and occupational diseases. Occupational health and safety (K3) can not be separated by the process of both services and industrial production. Developments lead to the development of post-independence Indonesia consequences resulting increased work intensity is increasing the risk of accidents in the workplace. It also resulted in an increased demand higher in preventing accidents diverse forms and types of accident. Accordingly, the construction of the development undertaken is then drafted Act 14 of 1969 on issues concerning labor later changed into Law No.12 of 2003 concerning employment. In Article 86 of Law 13 of 2003, states that every employee or worker has the right to protection of health and safety, morals and decency and treatment in accordance with the dignity and religious values. To anticipate these problems, it issued legislation and regulations in the field of occupational safety and health regulations in place before the Veiligheids Reglement, Stbl 406 in 1910 which is considered to be inadequate to face the progress and developments. The regulation is Act 1 of 1970 on the safety of its scope of work includes any work environment, whether on land, in the soil, surface water, in the water or air, which is in the jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia. The law also regulates safety requirements from the planning, manufacture, transport, distribution, trading, installation, usage, use, maintenance and storage of materials, goods and technical products containing production apparatus and could pose a hazard. Although many regulations were issued, but the implementation is still a lot of flaws and weaknesses due to the limited control personnel, human resources, and facilities of existing K3. Therefore, it is necessary to empower K3 institutions in society, increase socialization and cooperation with social partners to assist in the implementation of the supervision order norm K3 terjalan well.
A. Occupational Health
Understanding healthy always described as a state of physical, mental and social person who is not only free of disease or health problems but also showed the ability to interact with the environment and jobs. The new paradigm in health aspect to strive for a healthy stay healthy and not just cure, treat or cure any illness or disease. Therefore, the main concern in the health sector is more aimed towards the prevention of disease and the likelihood of maintaining optimum health. The health status of a person.

    * According to Blum (1981) is determined by four factors namely:

   1. Environment, such as the physical environment (natural, synthetic) chemistry (organic / inorganic, heavy metals, dust), biological (viruses, bacteria, microorganisms) and socio-cultural (economic, education, occupation).
   2. Behavior that includes attitudes, habits, behaviors.
   3. 3. health care: promotion, care, treatment, prevention of disability, rehabilitation, and
   4. 4. genetically, which is a factor of every human innate.

    * According Suma'mur (1976) Occupational health is a specialized health science / medicine and its practice, which aims to enable workers / community health workers to obtain the highest degree of physical, mental and social well with preventive or curative efforts against diseases / health problems caused by job factors and work environment as well as to common illnesses, health concept nowadays more and more change, not just a "health industry" alone but also lead to health improvement for all people in doing their jobs (total health of all at work).

    * According Sumakmur (1988) Occupational health is a specialization in the health sciences / medical practice with a purpose, so that the workers / community workers and health degrees earn the highest possible, physically, or mentally, and socially, with the efforts of preventive and curative , to disease diseases / health problems caused by work factors and work environment, as well as against common diseases.
Occupational health has the following properties: a. The goal is human b. Medical nature.
B. Safety Safety or Occupational Safety, in terms of day to day safety course is often referred to, is defined as a philosophy of thought and effort to preserve the unity and perfection of both physical and spiritual labor in particular and mankind in general and the results of culture and his work. In terms of science is defined as a knowledge and its application in an effort to prevent possible accidents and occupational diseases. Definition of Industrial Accidents (accident) is an event or undesirable adverse effects on humans, damaging property or loss to process. Understanding Almost Alas, that in terms of safety referred to the incident (incident), there is also a mention of the term "near-miss" or "near-accident" is an event or events that are not desirable where the circumstances are a little different will cause harm to humans, property damage or loss to the Safety is concerned with the safety of machines, appliances, instruments of labor, materials and processing, foundation work and environment and ways to do the job (Sumakmur, 1993). Safety has the following properties: a. The goal is to work environment b. Technical nature.
Pengistilahan Safety and Health work (or vice versa) different kinds: there are The company called Hygiene and Health at Work (Hyperkes) and there are only abbreviated K3, and in terms of known alien Occupational Safety and Health.
C. The purpose K3 The general objective of the K3 is creating a workforce healthy and productive. Hyperkes objective can be detailed as follows (Rachman, 1990):

   1. In order for labor and everyone is at work always in good health and safe.
   2. Production resources in order to run smoothly without any hitch.
D. Scope of K3 Hyperkes scope can be explained as follows (Rachman, 1990):

    * Health and safety are applied in all workplaces in which involves aspects of human labor, occupational hazards and effort put.
    * Aspect of protection in hyperkes include:

   1. Labor of all types and levels of expertise
   2. Equipment and materials used
   3. Environmental factors of physical, biological, chemical, and social.
   4. The production process
   5. Characteristics and nature of work
   6. Technology and methodology of work

    * Application Hyperkes implemented holistically from planning to acquisition activity results from industrial goods and services.
    * All parties involved in the process industry / company partially responsible for the success of the business hyperkes.
B. Policy implementation of occupational health and safety in the global era
1. In the field of organization
In Indonesia K3 handled by two departments: the Department of Health and the Department of Manpower and Transmigration.
At the Ministry handled by DG (Directorate General) Guidance and Inspection, where there are 4 Director:

   1. Director of Labour Inspection
   2. Director for Women and Children Working Norms
   3. Director for Safety, which consists of Kasubdit; Kasubdit mechanics, aircraft and vessel steam tekan.Kasubdit building construction, electrical installations and lightning protection, Sub Director of Institutional Development and employment safety expertise
   4. Director Occupational Health Surveillance, which consists of Kasubdit; Kasubdit health workforce, Kasubdit Control Work Environment, Development Kasubdit institutional and occupational health expertise.
At the Department of Health itself is handled by the Occupational Health Department of Health. In an effort to staple Health Center are the Occupational Health Efforts (UKK) that target their work more on Informal sector (farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, etc.)
2. In the area of ​​regulation
Regulations issued by the Government are many, including:

   1. Act No. 1 of 1970 on Occupational Safety
   2. Law No. 13 Year 2003
   3. No. KEPMENKES 1405/Menkes/SK/XI/2002 on Occupational Environmental Health Office Requirements and Industry.
   4. Menaker Regulation No. Per 01/MEN/1981 on Occupational Diseases Reporting Obligation.
   5. Menaker Regulation No. Per 01/MEN/1976 Hiperkes Obligations Exercises For Doctors Company.
   6. Menaker Regulation No. Per 01/MEN/1979 concerning the Company Hygiene Training For Power Paramedics K3 Company.
   7. Menaker Decree No. Kep ​​79/MEN/2003 on Guidelines for Diagnosis and Assessment of Disability Due to Accident and Occupational Diseases.
3. In the field of education
The government has established and education to generate power for a K3 at all levels of Education, for example:

   1. Diploma 3 Hiperkes at the University Eleven March
   2. Strata 1 at the School of Public Health at the University of Airlangga K3 particular specialization, Undip, etc. and majoring K3 FKM UI.
   3. Starta 2 on specialized Post Graduate Studies Program K3, for example in the UGM, UNDIP, UI, Airlangga University.
In some sort of health Diploma Environmental Health and Nursing credits and there are also some sub subject of a special study courses K3.
C. Work accidents
1. Definition According to Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 03 / MEN/1998 on Procedures for Accident Reporting and Investigation that is an accident is an event that is not desirable and is not expected to give rise to the original human casualties and or property.
2. Causes of accidents In general, there are two causes of work accidents, the underlying cause (basic causes), and the direct (immediate causes)
a. Basic Causes 1) The human factor / personal, partly because: lack of physical ability, mental, and psychological kurangny / lack of knowledge and skills / expertise. stress motivation is not enough / wrong 2) Factors labor / environment, partly because: and not enough leadership or supervision insufficient engineering (engineering) insufficient purchasing / procurement insufficient maintenance (maintenance) not enough tools, equipment and berang-barang/bahan-bahan. insufficient labor standards abuse
b. Direct Cause 1) The hazards (unsafe conditions / circumstances that are not standard) that the action will cause an accident, for example (Budiono, Sugeng, 2003): Equipment safety / protective / barrier is inadequate or does not qualify. Materials, broken alat-alat/peralatan Too crowded / narrow Warning systems are less mamadai The dangers of fire and explosion Neatness / layout (housekeeping) poor Hazardous / toxic gas, dust, smoke, steam, etc. Noisy Exposure to radiation Ventilation and lighting are less 2) The dangerous (unsafe act / acts that are not standard) is behavior, behavior or action that would cause an accident, for example (Budiono, Sugeng, 2003): Operate the tool / equipment without authority. Failed to give a warning. Failed to secure. Working with the wrong speed. Causing safety equipment is not functioning. Transferring the means of salvation. Using the tool is damaged. Using the tools in the wrong way. Failure to wear protective equipment / safety of themselves properly.
Data on Occupational Accidents
Soekotjo Joedoatmodjo, Chairman of the Board of Occupational Safety and Health Agency (DK3N) states that the frequency of accidents in the enterprise is increasing, while the employers' awareness of the Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is still low, the more concern entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprise sector workers identical to assessing K3 costs thus become a burden, not a necessity. Note Jamsostek in the last three years (1999 - 2001) proved to be the number of cases of occupational accidents has increased from 82,456 cases in 1999 increased to 98,902 cases in 2000 and developed into 104,774 cases in 2001. For numbers 2002 through June, there were 57 972 cases, so average - the average per working day occurs at least more than 414 cases of occupational accidents in companies listed as members of the Social Security. At least 9.5 percent of the cases of accident disability, the 5476 workers, so that almost every working day over 39 people employment experience disability. (Www.gatra.com)
Director of Operations and Services PT Jamsostek (Persero), Djoko Sungkono stated that based on available data on the PT Jamsostek during January-September 2003 for a period in Indonesia have been 81 169 cases of occupational accidents, so that on average each day going over 451 accident cases. He said of the 81,169 cases of occupational accidents, including 71 cases of permanent total disability, so that on average every three days of labor is completely disabled and unable to work again. "While labor as much as 1321 people died, so almost every working day there are more than seven cases of death due to accidents," he said (www.kompas.co.id)
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), each year there are 1.1 million deaths caused by disease or accidents due to the employment relationship. Approximately 300,000 deaths occur from accidents and the remaining 250 million are deaths due to disease due to the employment relationship, which is estimated to occur 160 million new jobs relationships diseases each year (Center for Occupational Health, 2005)
Risk Factors in the Workplace
With regard to the factors that affect health, as mentioned above, in doing the work to consider a variety of potential hazards and risks that may result from the work or the workings of the system, the use of machines, tools and materials, and the environment as well as human factors. The term hazard or potential hazard indicate the existence of something with the potential to cause injury or illness, damage or loss that may be experienced by labor or agency. 're Likely to manifest the potential dangers, often called risk. Both the "hazard" and "risk" is not always a danger, as long as control efforts implemented. In the workplace, health and performance of one's labor is influenced by: 1. Workloads such as physical load, mental and social order placement efforts of workers according to their ability to consider 2. Work Capacity depends a lot on education, skills, physical fitness, body size, nutritional status, and so on. 3. Work environment as an additional burden, in the form of physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial aspects.
Health and Safety (K3) in every workplace including in the health sector. For that we need to develop and improve the health sector K3 as low as possible in order to reduce the risk of accidents and diseases arising out of employment, and increase productivity and efficiency.
In the implementation of the daily work of employees / workers in the health sector is no exception in the hospital and offices, will be exposed to hazards in the workplace. These risks range from the mildest to the most severe depending on the type of work.
From the results of research in health facilities Hospital, about 1505 women workers in Paris Hospital musculoskeletal disorders (16%) where 47% of the interference of pain in the spine and hips. And reported also in 5057 female nurses in 18 hospital acquired 566 female nurses causal relationship between exposure to anesthetic gases neoropsikologi symptoms which include nausea, fatigue, tingling, cramping in the arms and hands.
In the office, a study of a modern office building in Singapore reported that 33% of 312 respondents found to have symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Complaints they generally get tired of 45%, 40% nasal congestion, headache 46%, 16% skin redness, 43% dry throat, eye irritation 37%, 31% weaker.
In Act No. 23 of 1992 on Health, Article 23 states that the occupational health occupational health efforts shall be organized in each run movement for genuine work, especially work that has a great health hazard for workers to work in a healthy manner without endangering themselves themselves and the society around them, to obtain an optimal work productivity, in line with the labor protection.
Safety K3 Bandung Institute <hiperkes@bdg.centrin.net.id>
Definition: relating to machinery safety, aircraft, work tools, materials and processing, foundation, workplace and environment and ways of doing work. It is the primary means for the prevention of losses; disability and death as accidents, fire, and explosion.

    * Targets
Place of work: land, air, soil, surface water, in the water. Includes: The process of production and distribution (goods & services)

    * The role of safety
Technical aspects: preventive efforts overcome or prevent the onset of occupational risk Legal Aspects: As a protection for labor (TK) & others in the workplace Economic Aspects: For efficiency The social aspect: Ensuring continuity of employment and income for a decent life Cultural aspects: Encourage the establishment of attitudes and behaviors that discipline, orderly, meticulous, creative, innovative, and full responsibility.

    * Nearly harm (near miss): An event or events that are not desirable, in a slightly different conditions can lead to accidents.
Example: someone who almost slipped, but was soon holding on fence.

    * Awareness of safety is low, one of the indications:
Occupational injuries (2005): 96,081 cases in Indonesia Occupational injuries (2006): 92,000 cases in Indonesia

    * Accidents do not happen by chance, but there is cause.
Accidents can be prevented or reduced by eliminating or reducing the cause. Accidents are unexpected events and unexpected. Accident losses (5K): damage, organizational chaos, complaints and grief, disorder and disability, death.

    * The cause of the accident man, machine, environment
- An unsafe condition (15%) - Actions are not secure (85%)

    * The modern concept of safety management:
The causes of the accident: In general there are two causes of the accident. -The direct causes: Accidents that can be seen and felt directly Basic Causes: (basic cause)

    * The immediate cause:
- Unsafe conditions and sub-standard conditions - Unsafe acts and sub-standard practice

    * Unsafe conditions and sub-standard conditions (dangerous conditions): insecurity in essence can be secured / repaired
- Safety is not perfect - Equipment / materials that should not be Lighting-less / excess - Ventilation less - Working climate is not suitable - Vibration - Noise is high - Clothes do not fit - Ketatarumahtanggaan bad (poor house keeping)

    * Unsafe acts and sub-standard practice (dangerous action): action / actions that deviate from procedures / safe procedures
- Does the job without authority - Eliminate the safety devices function (remove / change) - Move the safety tools - Using a tool is broken - Using the wrong tool to those ways - Working with the position / posture unsafe - Lifting incorrectly - Divert attention (disturbing, shocking, joking) - Neglect the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) specified - Drunk as an aperitif

    * The underlying cause of workplace accidents:
- The human factor * Lack of physical, mental and psychological * Lack of knowledge & skills * Stress * Motivation is wrong - Environmental factors * Leadership / supervisory less * Equipment and materials are less * Maintenance of equipment less * Standard work less

    * Direct costs of occupational accidents:
- P3K - Treatment - Treatment - Hospital Costs - Transport - Wages (as long as it does not work) -Compensation

    * The cause of the incidence of accidents in the industry, such as:
- Failure of components, such as design tools that are inadequate and are not able to withstand the pressure, temperature or corrosive materials - Deviations from normal operating conditions, such as failures in the monitoring process, procedural errors, the formation of side products - Human error (human error), such as mixing chemicals without knowing the type and nature, less skilled, and one communication Other factors, such as inadequate facilities, natural disasters, sabotage, riots.

    * Classification of work accidents:
- According to the type of accident * Fall * Affected falling object * Stepping, stumbling * Wedged, terjempit * Excessive Movement * Contact the high temperature * Contact the electricity * Exposure to hazardous materials / radiation
- According to media causes * Machine * Conveyance & lifting equipment * Other Tools * The materials, substances and radiation * Work environment * Other Causes
- According to the nature of the injury * Fractures * Sprain * Bruising * Amputation * Burns * Acute Toxicity * Death
- According to the injured body part * Head * Neck * Board * A motion on * A motion under

    * Benefits of Classification:
- Prevent accidents are repeated -As a source of information: the causes, the state workers compensation - Increase awareness of the work.

    * Prevention of accidents:
-Rule of law - Standardization - Supervision - Research techniques - Medical Research - Psychological Research - Research statistically - Education - Exercises - Penggairahan - Insurance
D. Safety work legislation
Article 10 (1) Minister of Labor Trustees authorized membertuk Safety Committee to promote cooperation, mutual understanding and effective participation of the employers or management and labor in the workplace to carry out the duties and responsibilities shared in the field of occupational safety and health, in order to expedite production effort. (2) The composition of the Committee of Trustees and the Occupational Health and Safety, and other duties assigned by the Minister of Labour.
E. Importance of Safety and Health at Work
Occupational Health and Safety as an applied science, which is multidisciplinary in today's global era are developed in the scientific aspects (education and research) and in the form of programs implemented in various sectors of the course implementation based on a variety of reasons. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 45% of the world population and 58% of the population aged over ten years of labor classified. Estimated from the amount of labor above, by 35% to 50% of the world's workers exposed to physical, chemical, biological, and also work in the physical workload and ergonomics that exceeds its capacity, including the psychological burden and stress. It also said that almost the majority of workers in the world, a third of his life exposed to the dangers that exist in each job. And a very memperihatinkan is that only 5% to 10% of the workforce was receiving occupational health services in the country is growing. While in industrialized countries obtain employment occupational health services are estimated to reach 50%. Above clearly illustrates the fact that the actual rights of workers to live healthy and happy adults has yet to be fulfilled. There are still many people in order to be able to survive even compromising the health and safety at work place filled with a variety of hazards that have a direct risk or unknown risk of the new after quite a long time. From the description above will be understood that the Occupational Health and Safety as well as the science program are necessary to uphold human rights (especially workers) to live healthy and happy. On the other hand, a study on the economic cost aspects or aspects that must be borne by the countries in the world with respect to occupational diseases and work-related, compensation costs to be borne due to injury, disability due to an accident is a burden to be bear. Not to mention other losses due to loss of work days lost, property damage, production delays due to accidents. Surely loss (loss) resulting from health problems or safety problems if not controlled properly will be a burden now or in the future. Because that's Occupational Health and Safety as an applied science and in various forms of program is necessary for future losses that may occur would be minimized or eliminated if it is possible. Of course, in order to uphold the human right to a healthy and safe, and not the various losses and economic burden as described, developed the law (legal) at the international, regional, national naupun. We know there are various conventions related to health and safety issues at the international and regional levels need to be adhered to. There is also in various forms of regulation or specific standards relating to health and safety issues. In this context Occupational Health and Safety as well as the scholarship program helps the implementation of the legal aspects. Even with a scientific approach through research or research conducted OHS helped also provide input on policy making in setting certain standards in health and safety. Thus the presence of OHS as a scientific approach and in various forms of programs in various sectors is not without reason. The first reason is because the human right to a healthy and safe, and the second reason is economic reasons in order to avoid losses and economic burden due to health and safety issues, and the third reason is the reason of law.
F. Basic Concept of Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Health and Safety for a multidisciplinary applied science as well as a program that is based and the reasons tetentu by a need to be understood and studied in general and in particular. In general, is to understand the basic principles while particular approach is to understand the science involved in the respective Occupational Health and Safety. As a multidisciplinary science, in fact Occupational Safety and Health has the objective to minimize or eliminate potential hazards or risks that may result in pain and injuries and losses that may occur. Conceptual framework to think OHS is to avoid the risk of pain and woe with the scientific and practical approach to systematically (systematic), and in the frame of mind kesistiman (system oriented). To understand the causes and the sick and wretched, first to understand the potential danger (hazard) exist, then the need to recognize (identify) the potential hazards earlier, existence, type, patterns of interaction, and so on. After that assessment needs to be done (asess, evaluate) how he or she can lead hazard risk (risk) pain and woe, followed by determining the various ways (control, manage) to control or overcome. Systematic steps are not different from the steps in controlling systematic risk (risk management). Therefore, the basic mindset in Occupational Health and Safety in essence is how to manage risk and of course in an attempt to control the risk of each field of science will have distinct approaches that are very special. Occupational Health and Safety which has a frame of mind that is systematic and kesistiman oriented before, certainly not in vain their practical application in various sectors in life or in an organization. Therefore in order to implement safety and health is necessary also organizing well and properly. In this connection it is necessary Management System Occupational Health and Safety Integrated (Integrated Occupational Health and Safety Management System) that need to be owned by each organization. Through the system of occupational safety and health management is thinking and various approaches that exist integrated into the entire organization to organization operations can produce in a healthy and safe, efficient, and produce products that are healthy and safe as well and not cause unintended environmental impacts.
The need for organization has safety and health management system that integrated working is, today is a must and it has to be the rule. International Labour Organization (ILO) published guidelines for Safety Management System and Occupational Health. In Indonesia, a similar guide known as SMK3, being in America OSHAS 1800-1, 1800-2 and BS 8800 in the UK and in Australia called AS / NZ 480-1. More extensively in every sector of industry associations in the world also issued similar guidelines such as special field of air transport, oil and gas, and nuclear plants and so forth. Even today the organization is not only required to have a safety management system and integrated occupational health, more so the organization is expected to have a healthy and safe culture (safety and health culture) in which each of its members showing safe and healthy behaviors.
G. Description-Description of Other
1) health and safety conditions (K3) companies in Indonesia are generally estimated is low. In 2005 Indonesia occupies a bad position far below Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. These conditions reflect the readiness of the company's competitiveness in the international Indonesia is still very low. Indonesia will be difficult to face the global market due to the inefficiency of labor utilization (low labor productivity). Though the company's progress is determined the role of quality manpower. Therefore in addition to the company's attention, the government should facilitate the regulations or the rules of safety and health protection. Nuance must be humane or dignified. Safety has been a concern among government and business for a long time. Safety factor is important because it is linked to the performance of the employee and in turn the company's performance. More and safety of facilities the less the likelihood of accidents. 2) Safety and health difilosofikan as a thought and effort to preserve the unity and perfection of both body and spirit of labor in particular and people in general, and cultural work towards affluent and prosperous society. While understanding the science is a science and its application in an effort to prevent possible accidents and occupational diseases. Occupational health and safety (K3) can not be separated by the process of both services and industrial production. Developments lead to the development of post-independence Indonesia consequences resulting increased work intensity is increasing the risk of accidents in the workplace. It also resulted in an increased demand higher in preventing accidents diverse forms and types of accident. Accordingly, the construction of the development undertaken is then drafted Act 14 of 1969 on issues concerning labor later changed into Law No.12 of 2003 concerning employment. In Article 86 of Law 13 of 2003, states that every employee or worker has the right to protection of health and safety, morals and decency and treatment in accordance with the dignity and religious values. To anticipate these problems, it issued legislation and regulations in the field of occupational safety and health regulations in place before the Veiligheids Reglement, Stbl 406 in 1910 which is considered to be inadequate to face the progress and developments. The regulation is Act 1 of 1970 on the safety of its scope of work includes any work environment, whether on land, in the soil, surface water, in the water or air, which is in the jurisdiction of the Republic of Indonesia. The law also regulates safety requirements from the planning, manufacture, transport, distribution, trading, installation, usage, use, maintenance and storage of materials, goods and technical products containing production apparatus and could pose a hazard. Although many regulations were issued, but the implementation is still a lot of flaws and weaknesses due to the limited control personnel, human resources, and facilities of existing K3. Therefore, it is necessary to empower K3 institutions in society, increase socialization and cooperation with social partners to assist in the implementation of the supervision order norm K3 terjalan well. Environment
H. Environmental Health Concepts and Limitations 1. Understanding health a) According to WHO "The state of health which includes physical, mental, and social development that does not just mean a state that is free from disease and disability." b) According to the Law No. 23/1992 know about health "The state of being of body, soul and social life that allows any person socially and economically productive."
2. Understanding the environment According to the Encyclopaedia of science and technology (1960) "A number of outside conditions and affect the life and development of organisms." According to the Encyclopedia Americana (1974) "The effect of that is on top / around the organism." According A.L. Slamet Riyadi (1976) "The settlement with everything in which the organism lives and all the circumstances and conditions that directly or indirectly influence the foreseeable level of life and health of the organism."
3. Understanding environmental health According HAKLI (Association of Indonesian Environmental Health Specialist) "An environment that can sustain a dynamic ecological balance between man and the environment to support the achievement of the quality of human life that is healthy and happy." According to WHO (World Health Organization) "An ecological balance that must exist between humans and the environment in order to ensure the healthy condition of man." According to the sentence that is a combination (synthesis of Azrul Anwar, Slamet Riyadi, WHO and Sumengen) "The efforts of protection, management, and environmental modifications that are directed towards someone ecological balance of human welfare is increasing."
4. The scope of environmental health According to the WHO there are 17 scope of environmental health: 1) Water Supply 2) Waste water management and pollution control 3) Solid Waste Disposal 4) Vector Control 5) prevention / control of pollution of soil by human excreta 6) hygiene of food, including milk hygiene 7) Control of air pollution 8) Control of radiation 9) Occupational health 10) Control of noise 11) Housing and settlement 12) Aspects kesling and air transport 13) Planning and urban areas 14) Prevention of accidents 15) Public Recreation and tourism 16) sanitary measures associated with the state of the epidemic / pandemic, disaster nature and movement of people. 17) the necessary precautions to ensure the environment.
According to Article 22 paragraph (3) of Law No. 23 of 1992 there is scope kesling 8: 1) Restructuring Water and Air 2) Security of solid waste / garbage 3) Security wastewater 4) Safety of waste gases 5) Radiation Safety 6) Security noise 7) Security of disease vectors 8) Restructuring and other security: Eg After a disaster.
5. Environmental health goal (Article 22 paragraph (2) of Law 23/1992) 1) Public places: hotels, terminals, markets, shops and similar businesses 2) Environment housing: residential, dorm / similar 3) Work environment: office, industrial / similar. 4) Public transport: transportation by land, sea and air are used for the public. 5) Environment other: for example, a special character such as the environment be in a state of emergency, disaster besar2an population displacement, reactor / places that are special.
6. Historical development of environmental health 1) Prior to Order

    * Th 1882: Law know about hygiene within Dutch.
    * Th 1924 Top Rival Initiatives Rochefeller foundation established Hygiene Work in Banyuwangi and Kebumen.
    * Th 1956: Integration and treatment efforts in environmental health efforts to set Bekasi Bekasi Training Centre
    * Prof. Muchtar pioneered environmental health action Sunday Market.
    * Th 1959: Malaria eradication program launched by the environmental health program in the country (12 November = National Health Day)
2) After the Order

    * Th 1968: environmental health programs in the health center service efforts
    * Th 1974: Presidential Samijaga (Drinking Water and Latrines Family)
    * The Housing Program, Project Husni Thamrin, Safety and health campaigns, etc..
7. Environmental Health Problems in Indonesia 1. Clean Water Clean water is the water that is used for everyday purposes that qualify the quality of health and can be taken when it is cooked. Drinking water is water that meets quality requirements of health and can be drunk immediately. Conditions Water Quality are as follows: a. Physical Conditions: Not odorless, tasteless, and colorless b. Chemical Terms: Levels of Iron: The maximum allowable 0.3 mg / l, hardness (max 500 mg / l) c. Terms Microbiological: Coliform fecal / total coliform (max 0 per 100 ml of water)
2. Disposal of manure / feces Better methods of excreta disposal is to a latrine with the following requirements: a. Surface soil contamination should not happen b. Should not be contamination in groundwater that may enter springs or wells c. It should not be contaminated surface water d. Feces should not be covered by flies and other animals e. It should not be happening handling of fresh excreta, or, if it is really necessary, it should restricted to a minimum. f. Latrines should babas of odors or unsightly conditions. g. Methods of manufacture and operation should be simple and inexpensive.
3. Health Settlement In general it can be said a healthy home if it meets the following criteria: a. Meet the physiological needs, such as: lighting, penghawaan and sufficient space, avoid disturbing noise. b. Meet the psychological needs, namely: privacy sufficient, healthy communication between family members and residents c. Meet the requirements of disease prevention antarpenghuni house with water supply, management of excreta and household waste, free of disease vectors and rodents, residential density is not excessive, enough morning sun, sheltered from the contamination of food and beverages, as well as adequate lighting and penghawaan. d. Meet the requirements of both the prevention of accidents arising from circumstances outside and inside the house include the demarcation line requirement, which is not easy construction collapsed, non-flammable, and does not tend to make the occupants fell slipping.
4. Garbage disposal Waste management techniques must consider faktor-faktor/unsur: a. Onset of trash. Factors that influence the production of waste is the number of inhabitants and kepadatanya, level of activity, patterns of life / tk socio-economic, geographical location, climate, season, and technological progress. b. Storage bins. c. Collection, treatment and recovery. d. Transport e. Disposal
By knowing the elements of waste management, we can determine the relationship and urgency of each element so that we can solve these problems efficiently.
5. Insect and Pest Animals Insects as a reservoir (habitat and suvival) germs which was later named as a vector for example: rat fleas for plague / pestilence, Mosquito Anopheles sp for Malaria, Mosquito Aedes sp for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), Mosquito Culex sp for Elephant Foot Disease / Filariasis. Reduction / prevention of disease among the design house / food management with rat proff (meetings rat), mosquito nets dipped with pesticides to prevent mosquito bites of Anopheles sp, Movement 3 M (drain bury and close) a reservoir of water to prevent dengue fever , The use of gauze on the vent in the home or with pesticides to prevent diseases elephantiasis and sanitation efforts. Nuisance animals can transmit diseases such as infectious canine rabies / rabies. Cockroaches and flies can be an intermediate transfer germs to the food so give rise to diarrhea. Mice can cause the release of leptospirosis from urine that had been infected with the bacteria that cause.
6. Food and Drink
Target higene sanitary food and drink are restaurants, restaurants, catering services and street food (prepared by craftsmen in the sale of food or served as food and ready to eat for sale to the public in addition to those presented catering services, restaurant / restaurants and hotels) . Sanitary hygiene requirements of food and drinks where food management include: a. Location and construction requirements; b. Terms of sanitation facilities; c. Terms kitchen, dining room and pantry; d. Requirements of food and processed food; e. Requirements of food processing; f. Storage requirements of food and processed food; g. Terms equipment used.
7. Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution such as water pollution, soil pollution, air pollution. Air pollution can be further divided into indoor air pollution and outdoor air pollution. Indoor air pollution is a problem of housing / residential and public buildings, buses, trains, etc.. This problem is more likely to be a real health problem, since humans tend to be indoors rather than in the streets. Allegedly caused by burning firewood, household fuels is one of the risk factors for respiratory tract infections among children under five. On the issue of out door air pollution or pollution outdoors, a variety of data analysis shows that there is an increasing trend. Several studies suggest a difference in the risks of contamination in some high-risk groups than rural citizens. Large relative risk was 12.5 times greater. This situation, the type of contaminants that accumulated, it will get worse in the future. Burning forests to make farmland or timber is apparently just a serious impact, such as acute respiratory infections, eye irritation, disruption of flight schedules, disruption of forest ecology.
8. Environmental causes of health problems in Indonesia 1. Accretion and population density. 2. Socio-cultural diversity and customs of the majority of the population. 3. Inadequate implementation of management functions.
9. Relationships and the influence of environmental conditions on public health in urban and residential Examples of relationships and the influence of environmental conditions on public health in urban and residential areas including the following: 1. Urbanization urban congestion >>> >>> >>> limited land area of ​​slum / shanty poor environmental health sanitation >>> 2. Activities in town (industrialization) >>> generate >>> effluent discharged without treatment (to the river) >>> river used for bathing, washing, toilet >>> infectious diseases. 3. Activities in the city (transport traffic) >>> exhaust emissions (smoke) >>> pollute the city's air conditioning is not feasible >>> >>> inhaled respiratory disease.

Supplies / Equipment:1. Mainboard / Motherboard2. Processor3. Heatsink + Cooling Fan4. VGA Card (VGA)5. Sound Card (Sound Card) if there6. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)7. FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)8. CD ROM / RW or DVD ROM / RW9. Monitor10. Keyboard11. Mouse12. Active Speaker13. Power cable (monitor + CPU)14. IDE Cable15. FDD cable16. Cassing + Power Supply17. PliersWork steps:1. Preparing and Observing Mainbord / Motherboarda. Prepare the motherboard and observe the parts carefully. If necessary component positioning images on them for more details.b. After that open the lock socket processor.2. Take Processora. Note that the processor has a mark on one corner, and in this case is usually marked with indentations, holes or darts.Work steps:1. Preparing and Observing Mainbord / Motherboarda. Prepare the motherboard and observe the parts carefully. If necessary component positioning images on them for more details.b. After that open the lock socket processor.2. Take Processora. Note that the processor has a mark on one corner, and in this case is usually marked with indentations, holes or darts.b. Match the sign with the markings on the processor socket.c. If you do the above correctly, then the processor will be incorporated into socketnya properly (If the processor is not installed properly DO NOT FORCED or suppressed).d. Key returning the socket by pressing the lever down and hook the existing lock.3. Installing the Cooling Fana. Heatsink and fan are already strung together into one, so you stay put.b. Before installing, note the position of the power cord for the fan power connector location. Find the shortest distance that the power cable is not in contact with the fan.c. In this example the Pentium 4 heatsink cooling times this form is round and there are 4 on 4 point locking around the cooler.1. Installing the Memorya. To install memory, then open the lock on the second memory slot on the motherboard side.b. Perhatihkan that each memory chip has a slit on the bottom side. In practice this time we use the double data rate random access memory (DDRAM). There are other types of RAM, but currently hard to find in the market in new condition called syncronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM).c. Match this gap with a memory slot. If you were forced to install memory in the wrong direction, it can damage the memory or the motherboard.d. Press the memory chips on both sides so you hear a "click", and the latch will close by itself.1. Setting Casinga. Prepare the chassis to be used.b. Put on the table or other places that are considered safe.c. Remove the screws on the back, and then open the side panel with caution, as in the picture belowd. Match the position of the motherboard with the existing holder in the casing.e. Make sure the legs will support your motherboard part that requires a strong pressure, such as the processor socket or slot memory. Do not forget any existing motherboard mounting bolt holes must be given the screws / bolts, so a strong position (not wobbly).1. Installing the Motherboard.a. Prepare screws used and screwdriver, then attach your motherboard correctly on the stand provided.b. Strengthen (rotate clockwise) all the screws used for the motherboard is good and right.1. Prepare Hard Drivea. Take your hard drive, and note the jumper. In the jumper will there is a choice Master, Slave or Cable Select. This information can be found on the surface of the disk. (Usually already installed in the master position)b. Attach jumper in accordance with the desired position. If you need to prepare a pair of tweezers to pull out and put the jumper on the hard drive.1. Replacing the hard drive to Casinga. Some chassis manggunakan bracket system that can be removed to facilitate the installation of hard drives and floppy drives.b. Choose the appropriate screws, do not get too big or too long, and attach the mounting screws on the hard drive properly.1. Connecting the hard drive to the motherboarda. Note that there are two types of IDE data cable, which is 40-wire and 34-wire. 40-wire cable is used to drive, and the 34-wire cable is used for the floppy disk drive (FDD).b. Data cabling should not be reversed. On one side there is usually a cable with red color indicating pin number 1.c. This position is also marked on the hard drive. Normally the position of pin 1 on the disk (red wire) is right next to the power connector (red color anyway).1. Installing the Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)a. Installing the Floppy drive, similar to installing the hard drive, except for some models the chassis which separates the floppy and hard drive. Floppy drive directly fed into the case and screw mounted ..b. Some types of casing, probably need to open the front panel before installing the floppy disk drive.1. Setting the CD / DVD Drivea. As with any hard drive, CD / DVD drives also use a jumper to the position of Master and Slave. Set jumper proficiency level in the desired position.b. If only there was a hard drive, the jumpers are at the Masters.c. If there are 2 pieces of hard drives on one computer, and both are enabled, then the first hard disk drive used as Master and the other must be set to Slave.1. Installing a CD / DVD drivea. To install the CD / DVD drive usually we need to disconnect chassis front panel first, or depending on the type and model of the used casing.b. Opening the drive cover on the front panel.c. Put the CD / DVD drive correctly, then close the front panel (if using the front panel).1. Connecting the CD / DVD drive to the motherboarda. CD / DVD plugged directly into the casing without the rail and reinforced with appropriate screws.b. Installation of IDE data cable from the CD / DVD to the motherboard together with the installation disk. Do not forget to tidy up the cables that are not related to each other and "chaotic". Set the track and cable lines neatly, if necessary tie to make it more presentable and pleasing to the eye.1. Installing Ethernet Card / LAN Carda. To install the LAN card, you do not need to unlock or something. All you do is match celoah slot LAN Card (not to be confused with the slot AGP / PCI).b. Install LAN Card with push without being pushy. Up really fast.1. Install the VGA Carda. Find VGA slot (typically AGP) on the motherboard, this is an expansion slot closest to the processor, usually located farthest away from the back of the chassis compared to other PCI connectors. Place the VGA card in the slot, then press and roaring with the proper screws.b. ATI Radeon 9800 (kind of VGA card), the same as other high end graphics cards, require a separate connection from the power supply. Since this card uses the hard disk connector 4 pint sized. Other cards may require a smaller connector.1. Connecting Cable Connector on Motherboarda. Now we need to connect the cables from the chassis to the motherboard.b. This cable consists of power switches, drive indicator, power indicator, reset button and speaker, as shown in the picture below.c. For chassis that provides front panel, such as universal serial bus (USB), the wires should be connected to the motherboard in order to function normally.1. Connecting the Power Corda. After all is installed, the next step is to connect the power cord from the power supply to the motherboard, hard drive, FDD and CDROM.b. For Pentium 4 motherboards, there are usually at least 2 power connector should be installed, as shown below.c. Then connect the power cables as well to the hard drive, floppy and CD / VD. If you use a chassis cooling fan, then connect it to the power supply or to the motherboard, according to the connector that is owned.1. Prepare Outer Componentsa. If the components inside are wrong, so now turn to the outside of the components, such as monitor, keyboard, mouse and speakers.b. For these components, we simply connect the wires to the terminals that have been determined, such as keyboard, mouse, speakers and others.c. Do not forget to power cables, both for the chassis and the monitor.1. Checking the Power Supplya. Check carefully for the power supply is used. Normal voltage is 220-230 volts. If the supplied switch, then move the switch to the appropriate voltage source.b. Some of the power supply is equipped with a transfer voltage (switch) between 110 -220 Volt.b. Match the sign with the markings on the processor socket.c. If you do the above correctly, then the processor will be incorporated into socketnya properly (If the processor is not installed properly DO NOT FORCED or suppressed).d. Key returning the socket by pressing the lever down and hook the existing lock.3. Installing the Cooling Fana. Heatsink and fan are already strung together into one, so you stay put.b. Before installing, note the position of the power cord for the fan power connector location. Find the shortest distance that the power cord does not intersect with fanc. In this example the Pentium 4 heatsink cooling times this form is round and there are 4 on 4 point locking around the cooler.1. Installing the Memorya. To install memory, then open the lock on the second memory slot on the motherboard side.b. Perhatihkan that each memory chip has a slit on the bottom side. In practice this time we use the double data rate random access memory (DDRAM). There are other types of RAM, but currently hard to find in the market in new condition called syncronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM).c. Match this gap with a memory slot. If you were forced to install memory in the wrong direction, it can damage the memory or the motherboard.d. Press the memory chips on both sides so you hear a "click", and the latch will close by itself.1. Setting Casinga. Prepare the chassis to be used.b. Put on the table or other places that are considered safe.c. Remove the screws on the back, and then open the side panel with caution, as in the picture below.d. Match the position of the motherboard with the existing holder in the casing.e. Make sure the legs will support your motherboard part that requires a strong pressure, such as the processor socket or slot memory. Do not forget any existing motherboard mounting bolt holes must be given the screws / bolts, so a strong position (not wobbly).1. Installing the Motherboard.a. Prepare screws used and screwdriver, then attach your motherboard correctly on the stand provided.b. Strengthen (rotate clockwise) all the screws used for the motherboard is good and right.1. Prepare Hard Drivea. Take your hard drive, and note the jumper. In the jumper will there is a choice Master, Slave or Cable Select. This information can be found on the surface of the disk. (Usually already installed in the master position)b. Attach jumper in accordance with the desired position. If you need to prepare a pair of tweezers to pull out and put the jumper on the hard drive.1. Replacing the hard drive to Casinga. Some chassis manggunakan bracket system that can be removed to facilitate the installation of hard drives and floppy drives.b. Choose the appropriate screws, do not get too big or too long, and attach the mounting screws on the hard drive properly.1. Connecting the hard drive to the motherboarda. Note that there are two types of IDE data cable, which is 40-wire and 34-wire. 40-wire cable is used to drive, and the 34-wire cable is used for the floppy disk drive (FDD).b. Data cabling should not be reversed. On one side there is usually a cable with red color indicating pin number 1.c. This position is also marked on the hard drive. Normally the position of pin 1 on the disk (red wire) is right next to the power connector (red color anyway).1. Installing the Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)a. Installing the Floppy drive, similar to installing the hard drive, except for some models the chassis which separates the floppy and hard drive. Floppy drive directly fed into the case and screw mounted.. Some types of casing, probably need to open the front panel before installing the floppy disk drive.1. Setting the CD / DVD Drivea. As with any hard drive, CD / DVD drives also use a jumper to the position of Master and Slave. Set jumper proficiency level in the desired position.b. If only there was a hard drive, the jumpers are at the Masters.c. If there are 2 pieces of hard drives on one computer, and both are enabled, then the first hard disk drive used as Master and the other must be set to Slave.1. Installing a CD / DVD drivea. To install the CD / DVD drive usually we need to disconnect chassis front panel first, or depending on the type and model of the used casing.b. Opening the drive cover on the front panel.c. Put the CD / DVD drive correctly, then close the front panel (if using the front panel).1. Connecting the CD / DVD drive to the motherboarda. CD / DVD plugged directly into the casing without the rail and reinforced with appropriate screws.b. Installation of IDE data cable from the CD / DVD to the motherboard together with the installation disk.c. Do not forget to tidy up the cables that are not related to each other and "chaotic". Set the track and cable lines neatly, if necessary tie to make it more presentable and pleasing to the eye.1. Installing Ethernet Card / LAN Carda. To install the LAN card, you do not need to unlock or something. All you do is match celoah slot LAN Card (not to be confused with the slot AGP / PCI).b. Install LAN Card with push without being pushy. Up really fast.1. Install the VGA Carda. Find VGA slot (typically AGP) on the motherboard, this is an expansion slot closest to the processor, usually located farthest away from the back of the chassis compared to other PCI connectors. Place the VGA card in the slot, then press and roaring with the proper screws.b. ATI Radeon 9800 (kind of VGA card), the same as other high end graphics cards, require a separate connection from the power supply. Since this card uses the hard disk connector 4 pint sized. Other cards may require a smaller connector.1. Connecting Cable Connector on Motherboarda. Now we need to connect the cables from the chassis to the motherboard.b. This cable consists of power switches, drive indicator, power indicator, reset button and speaker, as shown in the picture below.c. For chassis that provides front panel, such as universal serial bus (USB), the wires should be connected to the motherboard in order to function normally.1. Connecting the Power Corda. After all is installed, the next step is to connect the power cord from the power supply to the motherboard, hard drive, FDD and CDROM.b. For Pentium 4 motherboards, there are usually at least 2 power connector should be installed, as shown below.c. Then connect the power cables as well to the hard drive, floppy and CD / VD. If you use a chassis cooling fan, then connect it to the power supply or to the motherboard, according to the connector that is owned.1. Prepare Outer Componentsa. If the components inside are wrong, so now turn to the outside of the components, such as monitor, keyboard, mouse and speakers.b. For these components, we simply connect the wires to the terminals that have been determined, such as keyboard, mouse, speakers and others.c. Do not forget to power cables, both for the chassis and the monitor.1. Checking the Power Supplya. Check carefully for the power supply is used. Normal voltage is 220-230 volts. If the supplied switch, then move the switch to the appropriate voltage source.b. Some of the power supply is equipped with a transfer voltage (switch) between 110 or 220 volts

do the installation of the base system

After we finished the stage assembling computer then we have to do next is to install the Operating System and Application Software. for
we can use the operating system such as Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Linux, etc.. Once we install the operating system later next step we do not forget to install the motherboard drivers, or other drivers that are considered necessary and mandatory to be installed as VGA Drivers, Sound Drivers, Modem Drivers, etc.. If operting System and Driver-Driver is installed then the next we did was install Application Software such as Microsoft Office, Open Office, Acrobat Reader, Winamp, and software application to another according to the needs of the owner of the computer.


Now we're going to install the operating system, the OS will be installed here is windows xp OS. The steps of installing windows xp namely:

1. Prepare Cd Install Windows XP bootable (windows xp cd that can be
boot / bootable).
2. Remember Your computer must have a CD-ROM.
3. Backup data / documents what you think is important that is in the drive
Eg C to another drive to the D drive, if your computer has been previously
operating system installed and placed on drive C. Since all
data / programs that are in drive C all is lost, unless you
repair / fix the data / programs on the C drive will not be lost.
4. Prepare Cd drivers required by your computer, such as drivers
motherboard, sound, and a VGA card driver.
5. Once everything is ready, we immediately wrote proceed to the stage of the process
nstalasi.

TREATING EQUIPMENT MULTIMEDIA

TREATING EQUIPMENT MULTIMEDIAWho is not familiar with the camera,children aged 5 yearseven in today's already used to hold the camera. This bahkansekarang by some cameras have become bagianhidup them. cameras have evolved from decades yanglalu, ranging from needles cameras, analog cameras (masihmenggunakan rool film), until the digital camera or Digicam istilahkerennya. Diverse kamerapun mulaidari size small (Pocket Camera) Which can be mudahdikantongi to large size camera likeCANON1Ds Mark III. For those of you who have a camera sudahsangat Although proficient in operating it, but also so need to know how to merawatkamera properly to avoid damage and age panjang.Berikut are some tips on how to care for a good camera, so your camera can remain durable, it can be function properly and live longer.1. Place of Storage:Outdoor storage is worth noting, save andadi camera is a cool place (tidah too hot and not too humid) and protected from dust. you bisamembeli special storage closet cameras but the price is still relatively expensive, to be able to buy an alternative lainanda sized glass / wood cheaper pair 5watt lights in it and adjust the distance from the light to your camera around 40cm so that the temperature inside the cupboard can stay cool. kemudianletakkan some silica gel to prevent mildew.2. How to save:in addition to a storage area in the way you keep the camera also harusdiperkatikan. make sure you put the camera position is correct, clean it andasebelum camera store. for storage in a long time is remove the battery from menghindri dalamkamera for Over-charger. for D-SLR camera, release is kensa before simpandan remember in pairs 'bodyup' it on the lens and camera body. if you bring your camera store kameradalam traveling in a special bag or purse where cameras are thinking about lapisanlebut thicker and fit the size of your camera to avoid shocks.3. Avoid excessive sun:Excessive sun heat can damage your camera's parts are made of plastic and rubber and electronic parts inside.4. Hidari Kapur Barus:camphor is a thing that is in fear by the camera, because it can damage the PBC camphor (printed circuit board) is the place where electronic chips ituterpasang camera. camphor vapor can also make spots spots on the lens of your camera. by beritakerusakan on the camera caused by camphor is very difficult to repair and even mungkintidak be repaired anymore.5. Avoid Sea:Sea water is very dangerous for the camera, keep the camera from splashes of sea water, sea water is very nasty and potentially cause rust on the camera or other electronic device. for D-SLR camera users, never once changing lenses on the beach especially at sea, because the sea water vapor in the wind can blow into your camera and take a grain of sand and salt substances that cause damage to the inside of your camera. sehabishunting at sea or shore immediately wash your camera because mengandungzat grain of sand grains of salt can cause rust on the camera is made of iron.6. Clean the camera:Try you can always clean up after your camera at least once a week gunakanatau. use a soft cloth or a special camera glasses to pakaimengelap usually memebersihkan body and the outside of the lens to the lens front baguian danfilternya you can use a special lens cleaning wipes. debugunakanlah brush for cleaning delicate or shaving brush to the inside of the camera and use a blower khususkamera. peratan in all these can be found in camera stores terekat in your city.7. Periodic Servislah:Perform regular service should not wait until the camera is broken new service. servislah your camera in a formal, if you are not a camera repairman once jangansekali unload your camera at home