understand how to use lighting equipment
Understanding Lighting
Lighting is the art of setting light to the camera using lighting equipment able to see objects clearly, and create the illusion that the audience gets the impression of distance, space, time and atmosphere of an event displayed in a staging. Like the human eye, video cameras need light enough to function effectively. By lighting the audience will be able to see what the shape of the object, in which he interacts with other objects, the environment, and when it happened.Electronic camera work is strongly influenced by the lighting system. This is consistent with the character of the image recording system by an electronic camera, so that the problems regarding lighting a very important role in image recording activity.The light source is divided according to the source of natural light, such as sunlight (natural light / daylight) and Light created or sourced from the light, the fire (an artificial light / tungsten)The light source itself has the characteristics of light source and light intensity varies. We ignore this problem, we try to treat a system that is applicable to the work kamera.Seperti basic lighting theory. In every shot is influenced by the existing lighting conditions, whatever the conditions but results have also followed the lighting conditions. But to get the maximum results then we can follow the basic lighting theory applies, although in practice we can develop our creations as you wish, and the results will be achieved.
QUALITY OF LIGHTa. Hard lightCalled the harsh light generated from the light source with high intensity, light is more spot. Produces high contrast and harsh shadows (dark - bright).b. Soft LightAlso called a soft light as generated from the source terpendar and smooth usually light emitted is a flood and, coupled with a filter or a smoothing element pemendaran cahaya.Kontras produced thinner so that the image produced is not too hard.
 Light by lighting the basic concepts can be distinguished:a. Natural LightNatural light sources of light in a frame or scene adengan and sourced from the light that is natural. For example, the morning light from the east (key). Then the shot-shot scene is key lightnya preformance from the same direction.c. Pictorial Light / Light arificialThe light that is artistic or creation. formed according to the needs of the artistic, the mood a scene or a scene. So the direction of the light source (key) can vary according to the needs of artistic images or mood of the scene.
                                                     Direction of LightLighting is distinguished by the direction of light and the light falling on your subject can be distinguished:a. Top LightLight coming from the direction of the subject, as the ambient / base also creates a depressed mood light on the subject.b. Eye LightLight directed at the eye position of the subject in order to strengthen the power generated from the eye.c.Accent LightThe light that is created as an accent beyond the subject to create depth and a certain mood. Usually aimed at the backgroundColor Temperature (Color Temperature)Different light temperatures will produce different color temperatures. Fluorescent lamps provide light bluish green, halogen bulbs produce tangsten reddish yellow, the sun emits rays of light bluish white color.The difference is actually due to differences in the degree color temperature measured in Degrees Kelvin.The lower the degree Kelvin, the temperature of reddish color, while the higher degree Kelvinnya the temperature tends to a bluish color.
List of degrees Kelvin with a light source10,000 Kelvin
Blue sky9000 Kelvin
The sky was overcast7000 Kelvin

5600 Kelvin
Sunlight (DAY LIGHT)4900 Kelvin
Neon Lights4200 Kelvin
2 hours after sunrise /Before sunset (TUNGSTEN)3800 Kelvin
1 Hour after sunrise3200 Kelvin
Halogen Lamp2800 Kelvin
Bulb2200 Kelvin
Sunrise / sunset1600 Kelvin
Sunshine
If we look at the sun or other man-made light, the incandescent light produced is white or yellow. So the light is a blend of several different sources HUE in spektrum.Apabila mixing will produce a different mix captured by the human eye.

2. TATA BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LIGHTThis has become the basis of a formula or a formula lighting in video production, film, and photographs. Three important points were made up: Key Light, Fill Light, Back Lighta. Key LightThe main lighting directed at the object. Keylight is the most dominant source of lighting. Keylight is usually brighter than the fill light. 3 points in the design of lighting, Keylight placed at an angle of 45 degrees above subjek.Fill Lightb. Fill lightLighting fillers, typically used to remove object shadow caused by the key light. Fill light is placed opposite to the subject of the same length with Keylight. The intensity of lighting fill light is usually half of the key light.c. Back LightLighting from behind objects, serves to not give dimensions so that the subject does not "blend" with the background. 45 degrees of lighting is placed behind the subject. The intensity of lighting depends backlight illumination key light and fill light, and of course depending on the subject. Eg backlight for the blonde will be slightly different with the lighting for people with black hair.3. Lighting functionLighting comes on stage and illuminates all objects actually presents the possibility for directors, actors, and the audience to see each other and communicate. All objects are illuminated gives a clear picture to the audience about everything that will be communicated. With light, illusion imaginative director can bring. Many things can be done with the role of lighting bekaitan but the basic function lighting there are four, namely light, dimension, selection, and atmosphere (Mark Carpenter, 1988).- Lighting. This is the most basic function of lighting. Lights shed light on players and every object on the stage. The term illumination in the stage lighting is not just a light effect that can be seen but to enlighten a certain part with a certain intensity. Not all areas of the stage have the same level of light but arranged with the purpose and specific intent that confirms the message that would be submitted through the behavior of the actors on stage.- Dimensions. With the lighting depth of an object can be imaged. Dimensions can be created by dividing the dark and light sides of the object illuminated the stage so that helps perspective. If all objects are illuminated with the same intensity the image to be captured by the eyes of the audience to be flat. By setting the intensity level and the segregation of dark and light sides of the dimensions of the object will appear.- Selection. Lighting can be used to determine the object and want to irradiated area. If in the film and television director can choose scenes using the camera do it with light stage director. In particular staging, the audience can normally see the entire stage area, to focus attention on a particular area or action directors take advantage of the light. This selection is not only influential to the attention of the audience but also for the actors on stage and presented the beauty of the stage.- Atmosphere. The most interesting of the lighting function is its ability to bring the atmosphere that affect audience emotions. The word "atmosphere" is used to describe the atmosphere and the emotions contained in the incident light lakon.Tata able to deliver the desired atmosphere by the play. Since the discovery stage lighting technology, lighting effects can be created to simulate moonlight and the sun at certain times. For example, the color is different from the morning sun during the day. Morning sun brings warmth during the day while the sun was hot. This is the picture of the atmosphere and emotions that can be generated by lighting
The four main functions of lighting above does not stand alone. That is, each function having interactions (interplay). Lighting functions performed by selecting a particular area to give a dimensional objects, mood, and emotion events. The following figure shows the interaction of the principal functions of lighting.
In addition to these four basic functions above, lighting has developed support functions differently by each expert lighting. Some support functions can be found in lighting are as follows.- Motion. Lighting is not static. Throughout the performance, the light is always on the move from one area to another area, from one object to another object. Motion light flowing movement that is sometimes the changes realized by the audience and sometimes not. If the transfer of light moving from one actor to another actor in a different area, the audience can see it clearly. But the change of light in the area when the scene was in progress sometimes not directly aware. Unknowingly brought to the audience in a different atmosphere through changes in light.- Style. Light can show style performance was dilakonkan. Realist or naturalist style that requires detailed reality requires lighting to follow the natural light such as the sun, moon or table lamp. In the Surrealist style lighting is projected to present imagination or fantasy outside everyday reality. In the comedy or slapstick staging lighting requires a high level of illumination so that any motion made by funny actors can get caught clearly by the audience.- Composition. Light can be used to create the painting stage through order of the resulting colors.- Emphasis. Lighting can give a particular emphasis on a cool scene or object. The use of color and intensity can attract the attention of the audience so that helped a message that would be submitted. A high portion of the building that is always lit throughout the show will attract the attention of the audience and raises questions that make the audience to investigate the purpose of it.- Marking. The light serves to alert during the show. For example, fade out to end a scene, fade in to start the scene and black out as the end of the story. In traditional theater, black out is usually used as a sign of changing scenes accompanied with a change set

   4. Lighting Equipment
Work lights are rays of the setting work on stage. Proficiency in mendisitribusi light on the stage is needed. With lighting equipment, control or control over the distribution of light is created. Stylists need to control light intensity, color, direction, shape, size, and quality of light and motion light flows. All the controls that could be possible because of the lighting equipment is designed for the purpose. Mastery of the equipment required to be learned by the lighting.a. BulbBulb (bulb, lamp) is the light source. The parts of the envelope consist of a bulb, filament, and the base (Gb.204). Envelope is a shell made of glass or quartz glass to protect components from the air and prevent it from fire.Gb.204 BulbFilament is an electrical component that converts heat into light. The size and shape adapted variety with heat resistance and yield light chill. Because of the hot filament to produce light so he also became weak because of the heat so it can be easily damaged. It is therefore fitting and release the bulb should be done with caution especially when the condition is on. Base, is a heavy foundation to put the bulb in a suitable holder and is a component of the connecting filament with electrical current. Types and forms of different base. This is in accordance with the holder provided for each lamp type and brand of a particular manufacturer.



The picture above shows the variety of bulb shapes. Almost all of the bulb is made separately with reflektornya but the light bulb PAR is a unit with a reflector and a lens so if the bulb is dead then all unit components must be replaced. Basically the type of light bulb stage three, namely; tungsten, tungsten-halogen, and discharge. Tungsten is used for under 1000 watt lights. Tungsten-halogen lamps for 1000 watts and above. While the discharge is a light that can only be operated manually as followspot lights. Usage is based on the type of bulb withstand the high heat resistance of the material within a period of time. Because it works with hot, then the quality of the bulb decreases with time and use his deadline (lifetime) has been determined (limited).b. Reflectors and ReflectionTo emit light from the bulb to the object illuminated reflectors needed. The only light coming from the light bulb is less strong and directional radiance. With reflectors the light emitted from the bulb can be upgraded, organized, and directed. Stage light using three types of reflectors, namely; ellipsoidal, spherical, and parabolic. Ellipsoidal reflector arch-shaped half-ellipse (oval) surrounding the light beam that created the three-dimensional effect. Distance on each side of the light source remains. Because of the shape of the light produced by the ellipsoidal reflector has two focal points (tittik Intersection focus light). Focal point 1 comes from the focal point of the light source (bulb) and then bounced back into the reflector which results reflections form 2 new focal point spread (Gb.206).
Gb.206 Reflector elipsoidal
 Spherical reflector has a rounded shape side. This type of reflector to direct light from the emitting entire focal point of the reflector that reflects it back through the focal point before it dispersed. If the line is an imaginary circle of light that reached the length of each line is the same light. Figure 207 shows the reflection of light through spherical reflector.Gb.207 spherical reflectorThe parabolic reflector has a parabolic shape. This type of reflector to direct light reflected from or through the focal point and then spread in parallel to form a light whose diameter is almost equal to the diameter of the reflector (Gb.208). Thus, the diameter of the light produced depends on the diameter of the reflector. Examples lights everyday who use parabolic reflector is a flashlight.Reflection Gb.208 prabolicBesides reflection generated by the reflector, the light will also undergo radiation reflection after touching objects. Reflection of light that bounces once on the object can be divided into four types, namely specular, diffuse, spread, and mixed. Specular reflection (like a mirror) reflects light without changing the direction of the natural light from the source (Gb.209).
Specular Reflection Gb.209Diffuse reflection occurs when light bounces off the surface of the object to glow evenly in all directions (Gb.210). Examples of diffuse reflection is when light is directed onto a two-dimensional painting.
Gb.210 diffuse reflectionReflections spread as diffuse reflection but the percentage of each of the lines is not the same light. The light on the object with higher intensity lines and the reflected light will memendar longer than the others (Gb.211). An example is when the light reflection spread the wad of aluminum foil.
Reflection Gb.211 spreadMixed reflection, a reflection of the diffuse and specular mixture. Several lines dipendarkan light equally in all directions but most of the lines over the light reflected like a mirror (Gb.212). Examples of mixed reflection is when light is shining on the door handles of metal, gold watches, or that shiny wood floors.Reflection Gb.212 mixedc. LensRefraction or bending of light requires that the small size of the light can be adjusted. The tools used to refract light is a lens made of glass or plastic kind. There are three types of lenses used in the stage lights, the plano convex lens, fresnel and pebble convex. The lens plano convex outer side concex (curves) and had a smooth surface (Gb.213). The lenses are commonly referred to as the PC is used to form a circle of light around the edges line clearly visible (hard edge). The size and thickness of the lens depends on the size and intensity of light desired results.Gb.213 planno convex lensFresnel lens is a lens forming mold surface ragged (Gb.214). Lights that use these lenses will produce halos that line the edges soft (soft edge). The thickness of the fresnel lens is thinner than a PC lens. Soft lines halos produced allows for mixing colors on the irradiation area. While pebble convex lens has a lens outer surface with the PC but it jagged like fresnel (Gb.215). These lenses are often referred to as step lens. Character of light it produces is between PC and fresnel.Gb.214 fresnel lensGb.215 pebble convex lensd. LightThe term light is used here does not refer to the word but lantern lamp. The word is defined as a lamp and lantern as a light bulb and all equipment including the bulb. The term lantern used as a differentiator between the stage lights to light the home. In the stage lights there are many kinds of lights. However, fundamentally categorized into two types, namely flood and spot. Flood has a light beam has a beam spread, while the highlight spot directed. All lamps have a distinctive feature for producing light. Technological development stage lights sometimes produce something new by combining the principles and elements in it. The main task of the present stage lights are light, colors, and shapes that can be adapted and directed according to the needs.1. FloodlightThe simplest form is the realm of stage lights floodlight (Gb.216). Bulb and reflector placed in a box that can be directed to the right and to the left and up and down to adjust the light fall. No other special arrangements that can be done such as setting the size, shape beam, and focus. Nature of the spread of the light rays generated makes the irradiated area size depending on the distance the lights of the object.Gb.216 floodlight lampsBecause of its limitations, ineffective flood lights used to illuminate the actors. Its range makes light rays rely blur on objects far away. The area flood light irradiation depends on wattage and reflectoris used. Thus, the standard flood lights with 1000 watt power capable of illuminating a wider area than a power of 500 watts. Effective use of flood lights to illuminate the backdrop (siklorama) or specific objects at close range. Watt flood lights that use a large and devoted to illuminate the backdrop called cyc-lightGb.217 Cyc-lightFlood lights can be combined by stringing a few lights in one container (compartment). Colors are arranged so that in one case there are several lights that have the same color. Some flood lights that are strung together in one box and hung on the stage is called a batten or striplightGb.218 Batten or striplightThe function of these lights is to illuminate the backdrop or siklorama from above. But if the circuit is placed under the front of the stage in order to illuminate the actors from the bottom called footlight. If the circuit is laid down but not at the front of the stage in order to illuminate the backdrop or a specific object from the bottom called groundrow.2. ScoopLights scoop is flood lights which uses ellipsoidal reflector and can be used for various purposes. The resulting light beam evenly with radiating soft (Gb.219). Scoop lights there are several types that are designed specifically for a particular bulb. Some use regular incandescent bulb is using tungsten bulb. But in general, the scoop can use an incandescent bulb and a tungsten-halogen. These lights are very efficient to illuminate certain limited areas. Character soft light makes the light scoop is ideal for integrating light color. Besides being used to stage theater and puppet theater, the scoop is also used for television, studio photography, and buildings that require special lighting such as museums.Lights Gb.219 scoop3. FresnelFresnel spot lamp has a borderline soft rays of light. These lights use a spherical reflector and fresnel lens (Gb.220). Because the character fresnel lens that ridges on the outer circle of the central part of the light produced brighter and dimmer light towards the margins. Setting the size of the light beam is done by moving the bulb and reflector lens approach. The closer to the bulb and reflector lens the circle of light rays produced increases. The nature of the soft circle of light allows two or more colors of light combine fresnel lights on the object or area is irradiated. Lack of fresnel lights is the highest light intensity was at the center of the circle of light so that if an actor standing slightly jauk from the center of the circle of light so he gets less pretty light.Fresnel lights are made with a wide variety of lens size and strength (power) as shown in Figure 221. Lens size and power of lighting affect the results.