Riba

Riba is not just a question of the Islamic community, but various groups outside of Islam was taking seriously the issue of usury. The study on the problem of usury can be traced backwards to more than 2,000 years ago. The problem of usury has been discussed among the Jewish, Greek, Roman as well. The Christians from time to time also has its own views on usury.[Edit] Usury in IslamIn Islam, usury imposed or charge a usurious loan is haram. This is confirmed in the Qur'an Surah Al-Baqarah verse 275: ... when Allah has made buying and selling and forbidden usury .... This view is also an encouraging rampant where the concept of Islamic banking depositors benefit to be obtained from the system of non-interest as in conventional banks, because according to some opinions (including the Indonesian Ulema Council), bank interest included in usury. how a contract can be said to be usury? striking thing to know that bank interest is riba stipulation was included in the initial contract. so when we are already saving up to a certain rate, then we will know the results for sure. different from the principle of sharing only provide profit sharing ratio for depositors. the impact will be very long on the next transaction. that is, if the contract is set at the start / percentage obtained savers are known, then the target to cover the amount of the interest is the entrepreneurs who borrow capital and whatever happens, surely the loss will be borne by the borrower. different from the results that only give a certain ratio to the depositors. then on to the advantages of the obtained is then divided according to the ratio agreed to by both parties. nisbahnya sample was 60%: 40%, then the depositors 60% of the total profits earned by the tires.[Edit] Types of RibaBroadly classified into dua.Yaitu usury usury usury of debt and sale of debt-beli.Riba subdivided into usury and usury qardh jahiliyyah. While usury sale consists of usury and usury nasi'ah Fadl.

    * Riba Qardh
          o A particular benefit or excess levels required against the debtor (muqtaridh).
    * Riba of Jahiliyyah
          o Debts are paid over anyway, because the borrower is not repaying the loan at a specified time.
    * Riba Fadl
          o Exchange antarbarang levels similar to or different doses, while the goods were exchanged, including the type of goods usury.
    * Riba Nasi'ah
          o Suspension of delivery or receipt of goods exchanged usury usury with other types of goods. Riba in nasi'ah arise because of the differences, alteration, or addition between the delivered today with the submitted later.
[Edit] Usury in Judaism
Judaism forbids the practice of taking interest. The ban is widely found in the Jewish scriptures, both the Old Testament and Talmudic law. Exodus 22:25 states:"If you lend money hello to one of my ummah, the poor among you, you shall not act as debt collectors against him, you shall not charge interest to them." Deuteronomy 23:19 states:"Thou shalt not lend to thy brother, either money or food, or anything that can dibungakan." Deuteronomy 23:20 states:"From strangers you may pick up flowers, but of thy brother thou shalt not glean interest ... that the LORD your God may bless you in all that you undertake in the land which thou goest to possess it." Leviticus 35:7 states:"Thou shalt not take interest or usury of him, but shalt fear thy God, that your brother may live with thee. Thou shalt not give him thy money by having flowers, well do not you give your food by asking for usury. "[Edit] The concept of interest in Christian circles
The New Testament does not mention this issue clearly. However, some Christian circles consider that verse in Luke 6:34-5 contained a paragraph condemning the practice of taking interest. The verse states: "And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive something from it, what thank have ye? Sinners also lend to sinners, that they may receive back as much. But love your enemies and do good to them, and lend without expecting something in return, then your reward will be great, and ye shall be the children of God the Most High, for he is kind to the ungrateful people and against the bad guys. " verse indecision resulted in the emergence of a variety of responses and interpretations of Christian religious leaders about whether or not Christians should practice making flowers. Different views among Christian leaders can be grouped into three main periods, namely the view of the early Christian pastor (I to XII century) which forbids interest, view of Christian scholars (centuries XII - XVI) who wish to be allowed to flower, and the view of the reformers Christian (XVI century - the year 1836) that caused Christianity to justify interest. Deuteronomy 23:20 states:"From strangers you may pick up flowers, but of thy brother thou shalt not glean interest ... that the LORD your God may bless you in all that you undertake in the land which thou goest to possess it."[Edit] Early Christian Pastors view (Ages I - XII)
At this time, generally taking interest is forbidden. They refer to the problem of making flowers Old Testament which is also believed by Christians. St. Basil (329-379) consider those who eat flowers as without berperi-humanity. For him, taking the flowers are taking advantage of people in need. Likewise, collect gold and wealth of tears and distress of the poor.
St. Gregory of Nyssa (335-395) condemned the practice of interest because he help through pinzaman is false. At the beginning of the contract as helpful but at the charge and requested return rate is very cruel act. St. John Chrysostom (344-407) argues that the prohibition contained in the Old Testament were intended for the Jewish people is true for followers of the New Testament. St. Ambrose denounced as a fraud and flower eaters pembelit (moneylenders). St. Augustine found the application of interest on the poor is more cruel than the robber who robbed the rich. Because both are equally robbed, one for the rich and another for the poor. St. Anselm of Centerbury (1033 - 1109) considers interest rate equal to the robbery. Ban the practice of interest was issued by the church in the form of law (Canon): Council of Elvira (Spain in 306) issued a Canon 20 which prohibits church workers to practice making flowers. Any person who violates, the rank will be reduced. Council of Arles (year 314) issued a Canon 44 which also prohibits the practice of the church workers taking interest. First Council of Nicaea (325) issued a Canon 17 which threatened to fire workers who practice the church flowers. Prohibition enforcement of newly issued common interest to the Council of Vienne (year 1311) which states that whoever assumes that interest is something innocent then he has been out of Christians (apostates).[Edit] The Reverend early Christian view can be summarized as follows
Flowers are all forms that are required in return that exceeds the number of items borrowed. Taking interest is a sin forbidden, both in the Old and New Testament. Desire or intention to be rewarded beyond what is borrowed is a sin. Flowers should be returned to its owner. Prices of goods are elevated to the sale on credit is also a flower in disguise.[Edit] Perceptions Christian Degree (Ages XII - XVI)
During this happens very rapid development in the field of economy and trade. At the time, the money and credit become an important element in society. Pinzaman to provide working capital to traders started rolling at the beginning of XII century. The money market is slowly beginning to take shape. This process encourages the establishment of widespread market interest rate. Christian scholars during this period not only address issues of interest in moral terms that refer only to the verses of the Old Testament and the New Testament, they also relate to other aspects. Among other things, concerning the types and forms of law, an individual's right to property, the characteristics and meaning of justice, the forms of profits, goodwill, and human actions, as well as the difference between the sins of individuals and groups.
They are considered to have made a breakthrough with respect to the definition of interest. From the results of their discussion to refine and legitimize legal purposes, the interest is divided into interest and usury. According to them, interest is interest that is allowed, whereas usury is excessive interest. Leaders of Christian scholars who contributed an enormous opinion with respect to this interest is Robert of Courcon (1152-1218), William of Auxxerre (1160-1220), St. Raymond of Pennaforte (1180-1278), St. Bonaventure (1221-1274), and St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). Conclusion of discussion among Christian scholars that period with respect to interest rates is as follows: Intention or act to benefit by giving pinzaman is a sin which is contrary to the concept of justice. Taking flowers from pinzaman allowed, but haram or not depends on the intention of the creditor.[Edit] Perceptions Christian Reformist (XVI century - Year 1836)
The opinion of the reformers have changed and formed a new outlook on interest rates. The reformers were, among others, John Calvin (1509-1564), Charles du Moulin (1500 - 1566), Claude Saumaise (1588-1653), Martin Luther (1483-1546), Melanchthon (1497-1560), and Zwingli (1484 -1531).
Some opinions Calvin respect to interest rates, among others:

    * Sin when interest burden.
    * Money can multiply (counter to Aristotle).
    * Do not make the decision-interest as a profession.
    * Do not take interest of the poor.
Du Moulin urged that taking a simple interest rate permitted as long as they are used for the benefit of earning. Saumise, a follower of Calvin, justify all decision-interest, even though he comes from the poor. According to him, selling money with money is like regular trading, then there is no reason to ban people who will use the money to make money. According to him, religion did not bother to interfere in matters related to flowers.[Edit] The view of the Catholic Church
According to the Catholic Church views on usury has not changed the opinion of the founders of the church as St.Gregorius and St. John Chrysostom. but the principle of riba (interest) that is changing, as if ancient money can not give you the results if not carried out as described by the book of Matthew 27:27 states:"So never mind that my money should you give to people who run the money, so I could have some interest."
However, in contemporary times, money can deliver results, because money can dibungakan investasikan.Dengan or so, lending money to "the appropriate rate" is not unfair. However, if the loans with interest rates that are too high, then it has been considered sinful as against justice.
However, this principle must be carried on with bijaksana.Misal, someone with money borrowed 1 billion and one of those is 1 million dollars, do not attract interest, especially if the person who borrowed the really poor. Even if necessary, the owner must give the money willingly. But when you are in a business situation, it is appropriate, that draws interest from loans because it was the agreement of the parties regarding the existence of interest rate of the loan. As dilalukan by the bank and its customers.[Edit] Differences Investment lend money
There are two fundamental differences between investment, taking into bungakan money. The difference can be explored from the definition to the meaning of each.

   1. Investing is a risky business because of dealing with the element of uncertainty. Thus, the acquisition of the change (return) is uncertain and irregular.
   2. Lend money is a business activity that is less risky because of the acquisition of the change in the form of interest is relatively certain and fixed.
Islam encourages people toward real and productive enterprise. Islam encourages the entire community to invest and lend money ban. In accordance with the definition above, save money in Islamic banks belong to the category of investment activities because of the acquisition of the change (return) from time to time is uncertain and irregular. The size of the recovery is dependent on the result of that effort is really going on and do as mudharib bank or fund manager.
Thus, Islamic banks can not just distribute the money. Islamic banks must continue to work to improve the return or return on investment so that more attractive and give confidence to the owner of the funds.[Edit] Differences Money Debt and Debt Products