Environmental biotic and abiotic environmentApril 2
An ecosystem is an ecological system that is formed by the inseparable interrelationship between living things with their environment. Ecosystems can be said also of a unified structure completely and thoroughly between all the environmental elements that affect each other.
Ecosystem is an amalgamation of every unit biosystem involving reciprocal interactions between organisms and the physical environment so that a flow of energy toward a particular biotic structure and there is a cycle of matter between organisms and anorganisme. The sun as the source of all energy.
In ecosystems, organisms growing in the community together with the physical environment as a system. Organisms will adapt to the physical environment, otherwise the organism can also affect the physical environment for the purposes of this hidup.Pengertian based on the Gaia Hypothesis, namely: "organisms, especially microorganisms, together with the physical environment produces a control system that keeps the state of the earth suitable for life ". This leads to the fact that the chemical content of the atmosphere and Earth's very controlled and very different from the other planets in the solar system.
The presence, abundance and distribution of species in an ecosystem are determined by the level of resource availability and the condition of chemical and physical factors that must be in the range that can be tolerated by the species, this is called the law of tolerance. For example: Panda has a broad tolerance to temperature, but has a narrow tolerance to food, namely bamboo. Thus, pandas can survive in any condition as long as the ecosystem with its ecosystem are bamboo as a source of food. Unlike other living beings, humans can widen the range of tolerance because of its ability to think, to develop technologies and manipulate nature.
Components of
Forming components of the ecosystem are:
Abiotic
Abiotic or nonliving components are physical and chemical components that are medium or substrate where the continuity of life, or living environment. Most of the abiotic components vary in space and time can be either abiotic components of organic, inorganic compounds, and factors that influence the distribution of organisms, namely:
Temperature. Biological processes influenced by temperature. Mammals and birds require energy to regulate its body temperature.Water. The availability of water affect the distribution of organisms. Organisms in the desert adapt to the availability of water in the desert.Salt. The concentration of salt affects water balance in the organism through osmosis. Some terrestrial organisms adapt to the environment with a high salt content.Sunlight. The intensity and quality of light affects photosynthesis. Water can absorb light so that the water environment, photosynthesis occurs around the surface of the sun affordable. In the desert, the light intensity makes the temperature increase so that animals and plants are stressed.Soil and rock. Some soil characteristics including physical structure, pH, and mineral composition to limit the spread of organisms based on the content of food sources on the ground.Climate. Climate is the weather conditions for long periods in an area. Macro climate include global climate, regional and local levels. Microclimate include the climate in an area inhabited by a particular community.Biotic
Biotic is a term typically used to describe something that is life (organism). Biotic components are the components that make up an ecosystem than components of abiotic (lifeless). Based on their role and function, living things can be divided into three kinds, namely:
Heterotroph / consumer
The components consist of heterotrophic organisms that utilize organic materials supplied by the organism as food. Heterotrophic component called macro consumer (fagotrof) because food eaten smaller. Heterotrophs are classified as humans, animals, fungi, and microbes.
Decomposers / decomposers
Decomposers, decomposers are organisms that decompose organic matter derived from dead organisms. Decomposers consumers also called macro (sapotrof) because of the food you eat is a more besar.Organisme decomposers absorb some decomposition and release of simple materials that can be reused by the manufacturer. Classified as decomposers are bacteria and decomposers jamur.Ada also called detritivor, the animals that eat decomposing remains of organic materials, for example, is woodlice. Decomposition there are three types, namely:
Aerobic: Oxygen is the electron acceptor / oxidantAnaerobic: oxygen is not involved. Organic material as electron acceptor / oxidantfermentation: the anaerobic oxidation of organic material, but also as an electron acceptor. these components are in one place and interact to form a unified ecosystem basis. For example, in an aquarium ecosystem, ecosystem consists of fish as heterotrophic component, water plants as a component of autotrophs, plankton floating in the water as a component of decomposition, while including abiotic components are water, sand, rocks, minerals and oxygen dissolved in water .
Dependence on ecosystems can occur between biotic components or between biotic and abiotic components.
Between biotic components
Dependence between biotic components can occur through:
Food chain, ie the flows of matter and energy through the process of eating and being eaten in a certain order. Each level of the food chain is called the trophy or trophy level. Since the first organisms capable of generating plant nutrients is the first trophy is always occupied level of green plants as producers. The next level is the level of the second trophy, consisting of plant-eating animals called primary consumers. Primary consumers eating animals is the third trophy level, consists of carnivorous animals. Any exchange of energy from one level to the level trophies trophy another, some energy will be lost.Food webs, food chains are interconnected to each other in such a way as to form are like nets. Food webs is because every living species not only eat one type of other living creatures.Between biotic and abiotic components
Dependence between biotic and abiotic components can occur through cycles of matter, such as:
carbon cyclewater cyclenitrogen cyclesulfur cycleThis cycle serves to prevent a form of matter piled up in one place. Human activities have created a system that initially cyclic to noncyclic, humans tend to disturb the balance of the environment.
Types of Ecosystems
In general there are three types of ecosystems, the water ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, and artificial ecosystems.
Aquatic (water)
Freshwater ecosystems.The characteristics of freshwater ecosystems include temperature variations are not flashy, less light penetration, and are affected by climate and vegetation cuaca.Macam most is the type of algae, while other plants biji.Hampir all animal phyla found in fresh water. Organisms that live in fresh water generally have to adapt.
Sea ecosystems.Marine habitats (oceanic) is characterized by the salinity (salt content) with high CI-ion reached 55%, especially in the tropical ocean, as high temperatures and evaporation besar.Di tropics, ocean temperature around 25 ° C. The difference in the temperature of the upper and lower height, so there is a boundary between the layers of hot water at the top with cold water at the bottom is called the thermocline region.
Estuarine ecosystem.Estuary (estuary) is the union of the river with laut.Estuari often lined by extensive intertidal mud slab or salt marsh. Estuarine ecosystem of high productivity and rich in nutrients. Plant communities that live in estuaries such as the salt marsh grass, algae, and phytoplankton. Animal communities such as various worms, clams, crabs, and fish.
Coastal ecosystems.So named because the most widely grown on a sand dune plant Ipomoea pes caprae is resistant to the waves and angin.Tumbuhan that live in these ecosystems spread thick and leafy.
River ecosystem.The river is a body of water that flows into the river arah.Air cold and clear, and contains less sediment and food. The flow of water and waves constantly deliver oxygen to the water. The water temperature varies according to the height and line lintang.Ekosistem rivers inhabited by animals such as cat fish, carp, turtles, snakes, alligators, and dolphins.
Coral reef ecosystems.This ecosystem consists of coral that are near the beach. Efficiency ecosystem is very tinggi.Hewan-animals that live in the reef eat microscopic organisms and organic waste lain.Berbagai invertebrates, micro-organisms, and fish live among the coral and ganggang.Herbivora such as snails, sea urchins, fish, fall prey to the octopus , starfish, and coral reef fish karnivora.Kehadiran near the beach makes the beach has white sand.
Deep-sea ecosystems.Depth of more than 6,000 marine catfish m.Biasanya there and fish that can emit light. As manufacturers are bacterial symbiosis with certain corals.
Seagrass.Seagrass or seagrass are the only group of flowering plants that live in the marine environment. These plants live in shallow coastal marine habitats. As his case the grass on the ground, they have an upright leafy shoots and stems that creep effective for berbiak.Berbeda with other marine plants (algae and seaweed), seagrass flowering, fruiting and produce seed Meng. They also have roots and internal systems to transport gases and substances hara.Sebagai biological resources, yet widely used for various purposes.